Microfluidics Fluid physics at the nanoliter scale:A review

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Review of modern physics一篇综述。
Microfabricated integrated circuits revolutionized computation by vastly reducing the space, labor,
and time required for calculations. Microfluidic systems hold similar promise for the large-scale
automation of chemistry and biology, suggesting the possibility of numerous experiments performed
rapidly and in parallel, while consuming little reagent. While it is too early to tell whether such a vision
will be realized, significant progress has been achieved, and various applications of significant scientific
and practical interest have been developed. Here a review of the physics of small volumes
nanoliters
of fluids is presented, as parametrized by a series of dimensionless numbers expressing the relative
importance of various physical phenomena. Specifically, this review explores the Reynolds number
Re, addressing inertial effects; the Péclet number Pe, which concerns convective and diffusive
transport; the capillary number Ca expressing the importance of interfacial tension; the Deborah,
Weissenberg, and elasticity numbers De, Wi, and El, describing elastic effects due to deformable
microstructural elements like polymers; the Grashof and Rayleigh numbers Gr and Ra, describing
density-driven flows; and the Knudsen number, describing the importance of noncontinuum molecular
effects. Furthermore, the long-range nature of viscous flows and the small device dimensions inherent
in microfluidics mean that the influence of boundaries is typically significant. A variety of strategies
have been developed to manipulate fluids by exploiting boundary effects; among these are
electrokinetic effects, acoustic streaming, and fluid-structure interactions. The goal is to describe the
physics behind the rich variety of fluid phenomena occurring on the nanoliter scale using simple
scaling arguments, with the hopes of developing an intuitive sense for this occasionally
counterintuitive world.

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